Appendix 3

Plants giving food in Chikal

In the following index the names are given in English, and if the English name is missing the Latin name is given. In two cases the name in Hausa is given since it has not been possible to identify the plant.

A. Leafy vegetables

B. Other vegetables

B1	ladies' fingers
B2	onion
B3	groundnuts
B4	pepper
B5	melon
B6	Cucurbita
B7	squash
B8	tomatoe
B9	egg-plant
B10	cow peas
B11	bambara groundnut

C. Fruits and berries

D. Root-crops

D1	earth almond, tiger nut
D2	carrots
D3	sweet potatoe
D4	cassava
D5	potatoes
D6	rojiya
D7	taragadda

E. Cereals

E1	rice
E2	millet
E3	sorghum
E4	maize

F. Others

F1 Acacia nilotica (L.)Del. var. adansonii (Guill. & Perr.) O.Kuntze

Alfabetical index, latin names

A	Plants not growing in Chikal
B	Plants according to species
C	Plants according to family

A. Leafy vegetables

A1
Adansonia digitata L. Bombacaceæ
Hausa: kuka
Français: le baobab
English: baobab
Svenska: apbrödsträd
A tree that is not being planted due to the saying: "Ce qui plante un baobab, ne reste pas dans sa hombre." -- "He who plants a baobab will not dwell in its shadow."
Produces all year.
You eat 1) the leaves, 2) the fruits.
You grind the dried leaves (or fresch at certain occasions, if nothing else is at hand). A cup of leaves costs 25 Franc CFA (5 pence) and is enough for a meal in a not to big family.

A2
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Brassicaceæ
Hausa: shu
Français: le chou
English: cabbage
Svenska: vitkål
Introduced with the dry season farming.
Sowing: November - December.
Cultivation: water, hoe
Harvest: after 30 days.
You eat the leaves. Very appreciated by the locals.

A3
Cadaba farinosa Forsk. Capparaceæ
Hausa: bagai (bagei)
Français:
English: balami's vegetable bush
Svenska:
A bush. Now you have to seach in the forests to find them, they no longer exists in the villages.
You eat the leaves.
You can eat them raw, without cooking, or you can just cook the leaves, press off the water and mix with daudawa (see A7) and spices.

A4
Cassia obtusifolia L. Cæsalpiniaceæ
Hausa: tafasa
Français:
English:
Svenska:
A herb.
Yealds during the rainy season.
You eat the leaves that are boiled (or made into sagai, see app 2).

A5
Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl. Pedaliaceæ
Hausa: yodo
Français:
English:
Svenska:
Yealds during the rainy season.
You use the leaves and twigs as stabilisers.
Either you dry them and grind to mix with the flour, or you put them in water and use this water to mix with the flour. (See e.g. beruwa in app 2)

A6
Corchorus olitorius L. Tiliaceæ
Hausa: faku
Français:
English:
Svenska: jute
Yealds during the rainy season.
You eat the leaves.
Used as alternative to miyan kubewa (B1) and miyan kuka (A1) in miya, the sauce (see app 2).
You can dry them to save them until after the rainy season.

A7
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Malvaceæ
Hausa: sure
Français: oseilles de Guinée
English: red sorrel, sour-sour
Svenska: guineasyra
A herb, cultivated during the rainy season.
You eat 1) the seeds, 2) the leaves.
The leaves are made into sagai (app 2) or just boiled.
Daudawa is an important ingredient in all food preparation in Chikal. It looks like a black spherical lump, and is made of the seeds called yakwa. "Soumbala" seems to be a French name that covers daudawa, kalwa (C8) and similar items.
To prepare daudawa you take the seeds when they are well dried. (Cut the whole plant and let it dry. The fruits will open and the seeds fall to the ground when they are ready. The leaves have been gathered before, and the left over twigs is thrown away.) The seeds are boiled in water for more then two hours, until they are really soft. Let dry a while. Grind a bit. Put in a calabash and cover with another, let stand for three days. Put in the sun to dry, and when properly dried (3--4 hours) grind to a flour. Pour hot (boiled) water over the flour, mix and shape small balls (4--5 cm in diameter) called daudawa.

A8
Lactuca sativa L. var capitata L. Asteraceæ
Hausa: salati
Français: la laitue
English: lettuce
Svenska: huvudsallat
Introduced with the dry season farming.
Sowing: November--December.
Cultivation: water, hoe
Harvest: after 30 days.
You eat the leaves.

A9
Leptadenia hastata (Pers.)Decne. Asclepiadaceæ
Hausa: yadya
Français:
English: spear leaved Leptadenia
Svenska:
A herb (can be a climber).
Yealds all year.
You eat the leaves, either direct or prepared (mixed with other leaves) by boiling (add spieces afterwards).

A10
Maerua crassifolia Forsk. Capparaceæ
Hausa: jiga
Français:
English: tagart bush
Svenska:
A tree. Drought resistant.
Yealds all year, mostly in the cold season.
You eat the leaves, and also the fruits and the flowers.
The leaves need preparing, they are bitter.

A11
Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceæ
Hausa: zogala gandi
Français:
English:
Svenska: behenoljeträd, benoljeträd
A tree, has to be watered.
Yealds all year.
You eat the leaves.
You can dry the leaves, but usually you eat them directly. You make the dish sagai (see app 2), or just boil them in water.

A12
Nothosaerva brachiata (L.)Wight Amaranthaceæ
Hausa: lanje, lanji, tabade
Français:
English:
Svenska:
A herb.
Yealds in the rainy season, July--August.
You eat the leaves that has to be dried. You make the dish sagai (see app 2), or just boil them in water.

A13
Tapinanthus globiferus
(A.Rich.) Van Tiegh Loranthaceæ
T. dodoneifolius (DC.) Danser
Hausa: kawshyi
Français:
English:
Svenska:
Parasit on trees and bushes.
Yealds all year.
You eat the leaves as sagai (see app 2) or boiled and mixed with spicies.

B. Other vegetables

B1
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)Moench
(=Hibiscus esculentus L.) Malvace
Hausa: miyan kubewa
Français: le gombo
English: ladies' fingers
Svenska: okra
Height ~50 cm.
Cultivated by the women. Dry season farming or in the fields.
Sowing: July--August.
Harvest: after 2 months.
You eat the fruit.

B2
EX Allium cepa L. Liliaceæ
Hausa: albasa
Français: l'oignon
English: onion
Svenska: lök
External, not possible to cultivate in the Chikal regiion.
You eat 1) the leaves (dried)(gabu), 2) the bulb.

B3
EX Arachis hypogæa L. Papilionaceæ
Hausa: gyada, gudjya kwalanshe
Français: l'arachide f.
English: groundnuts
Svenska: jordnötter
External, give no yeald any more in Chikal.
Before: sowing was during the rainy season, harvest after 3 months.
You eat the seeds.

B4
Capsicum cf. annuum L. Solanaceæ
Hausa: tonka
Français: le piment
English: pepper
Svenska: spansk peppar, paprika
Dry season farming.
Sowing: November--December.
Cultivation: water a lot.
You eat the fruits.

B5
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsumara & Nakai Cucurbitaceæ
Hausa: guna
Français: le melon
English: melon
Svenska: melon
Creeper.
Mostly cultivated by the men.
Sowing: July--August, or whenever if you water until the fruits can be seen.
Harvest: after 2 months.
You eat the fruit.

B6
Cucurbita ? Cucurbitaceæ?
Hausa: kubewa
Français: la pastèque
English:
Svenska:
Creeper.

B7
Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceæ
Hausa: gunar turawa
Français: la courgette
English: squash
Svenska: squash
Introduced with the dry season farming.
Sowing: November--December. Dig well.
Cultivating: water, hoe.
Harvest: after 60 days.
You eat the fruits.

B8
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.)Farw.(= Solanum lycopersicum L.) Solanaceæ
Hausa: timati
Français: la tomate
English: tomatoe
Svenska: tomat
Dry season farming.
Sowing: November--December.
Harvest: after 75--90 days.
You eat the fruits.

B9
Solanum melongena L. Solanaceæ
Hausa: obarjin
Français: l'aubergine f.
English: egg-plant
Svenska: aubergin, äggfrukt
Introduced with the dry season farming.
Sowing: November--December.
Cultivating: not much watering.
You eat the fruits.

B10
Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp. Papilionaceæ
Hausa: wake, harawa
Français: le niébé, le dolic
English: cowpeas
Svenska: vignabönor
Cultivated in the fields by the men.
Sowing: after the millet has come up (1--2 weeks after sowing).
Cultivating: first weeding directly, second and third according to need.
Harvest: after 45 days (new varieties 30 days).
You eat the peas (though mostly for resale) and the leaves (harawa).

B11
Voandzeia subterranea (L.)DC. Fabaceæ
Hausa: gudjya korga
Français: le vouandzou
English: Bambara groundnut
Svenska: jordärt
Cultivated by the women. Did not give any yeald during 1987.
Sowing: July (after three rains).

C. Fruits and berries

C1
Annona senegalensis Pers. Annonace
Hausa: gwanda, gwadda (also dorowa in Chikal)
Français: pomme channelle du Sénégal, annone
English: wild custard apple
Svenska: vild kirimoja (vild cherimoya)
Give its fruit after the harvest of millet (November--December).
Give leaves all year.
You eat 1) the fruits, 2) the dried leaves (stabiliser).
The fruits are red, looks like tomatoes. They are eaten ripe, but if you find them when they are not ripe you can pick them, dig a hole in the ground, put down the fruits possibly with some ashes, moisten and cover. Efter two days the fruits are ripe.

C2
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.)Del. Balanitaceæ
Hausa: aduwa
Français:
English: desert date
Svenska: ökendadlar
Ripe Oktober--November.
You eat the fruit, sweet and small, sometimes bitter, green flesh.
You can make a soup and also a paste of the fruits. You can eat the inner part of the stone, but it involves a lot of work to crush the stone, let it soak in water several days while changing water every day to get rid of the bitter taste.

C3
Boscia senegalensis (Pers.)Poir. Capparaceæ
Hausa: anza
Français:
English: gegilli
Svenska:
Yealds all year.
You eat the fruit, small and red, bitter.
The ripe fruits can be sucked on, but they may not be crushed because the nasty taste will rest in the mouth for the whole day. During the rainy season the fruits get ripe, but other times of the year the fruits fall off before they are ripe. Then you pick the fruits from the plant, dry them, crush them, take the seeds and let them soak in water for a week while changing water every day. After that they can be eaten as they are, but usually you prepare them, you boil them, some grind them to break them a bit, and mix with spices.

C4
Diospyros mespiliformis A.DC. Ebenaceæ
Hausa: kanyia, kaiwa
Français:
English:
Svenska:
Ripe March--April.
You eat the fruit, sweet, big as olives, yellow or green-yellow.

C5
Grewia bicolor Juss. Tiliaceæ
Hausa: dargaza, darza
Français:
English: leleko's fruiting Grewia
Svenska:
Ripe November--December.
You eat the fruit, small and hard, sweet, white-beige.

C6
Grewia flavescens Juss. Tiliaceæ
Grewia tenax (Forsk.)Fiori
Hausa: kamanmua, kamanmowa
Français:
English: G.f.: four-lobed Grewia, G.t.: small leaved white crancberry
Svenska:
Ripe November--December.
You eat the fruit.

C7
Hyphæne thebaica (L.)Mart. Arecaceæ
Hausa: goriba
Français: le palmier doum
English: doum palm
Svenska: dumpalm
Yealds during the cold season. In Chikal ripe in November--February.
You eat the fruit which is red with a big stone in the middle. Hard and dry. You can also eat the inner part of the stone if you crush the shell. When the fruits are dry you grind them and eat the flour.

C8
EX Parkia clappertoniana Keay Mimosace
(= P. afrikana R.Br.)
Hausa: dorowa
Français: le néré
English:
Svenska:
External, does not yeald any more in Chikal, the "soumbala" comes from Nigeria.
You eat the flat pod. You eat the flour on the inside.
The seeds are processed into a "sumbala" called kalwa (see also A7).

C9
EX Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceæ
Hausa: dabino
Français: le dattier
English: date
Svenska: dadel
External, do not grow in Chikal.
You eat the fruit.

C10
Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.)Hochst.
(= Bauhinia reticulata DC.) Cæsalpiniaceæ
Hausa: kalgo
Français:
English: alluba vegetable bush
Svenska:
Ripe Novembef--December.
You eat the fruit, a pot, raw. You can also boil the fruits, but in that case the pod itself can not be eaten.

C11
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceæ
Hausa: magarya
Français: jujubier
English: jujubier
Svenska: bröstbär (jujube-frukt)
Ripe during the cold season.
You eat the fruit, pale red.

D. Root-crops

D1
EX Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperaceæ
Hausa: haya
Français: le souchet (fautive: cacahouette)
English: tiger nut, earth almond
Svenska: jordmandel
External, do not grow in the Chikal region.
You eat the stem tubers.

D2
Daucus carota L. Apiaceæ
Hausa: karoti
Français: la carotte
English: carrots
Svenska: morötter
Introduced by the dry season farming.
Sowing: November--December. Line sowing, do not demand a lot of work.
Cultivation: water, hoe.
Harvest: after 75--90 days.
You eat the root.

D3
EX Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam. Convolvulaceæ
Hausa: dankali
Français: la patate douce
English: sweet potatoe
Svenska: sötpotatis
External, sweet potatoes are not possible to cultivate in the Chikal region, but it can be bought in the market where it arrives from other parts of the country.
You eat the root tubers.

D4
Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceæ
Hausa: rogo
Français: le manioc
English: cassava
Svenska: maniok (kassava)
Cultivated by the men "where water runs".
Sowing: when the rains have stopped.
Harvest: after 6--7 months or more.
You eat the root tubers. The bitter variety can be cultivated incircling the sweet, as a protection against test eaters at the field borders, but it is not used for eating.

D5
Solanum tuberosum L. Solanaceæ
Hausa: dankalin turawa
Français: la pomme de terre
English: potatoes
Svenska: potatis
Introduced with the dry season farming and cultivated using tubers sent by air from Europe.
Sowing: November--December, requires a lot of work, you have to dig properly.
Cultivation: water, bank up.
Harvest: after 90 days.
You eat the underground stem tubers.

D6
Hausa: rojiya
Français:
English:
Svenska:
Needs water.
Yealds during the rainy season.
You eat the root tubers.

D7
Hausa: taragadda
Français:
English:
Svenska:
Needs water.
Yealds during the rainy season.
You eat the root tubers.

E. Cereals

E1
EX Oryza sativa L. Poaceæ
Hausa: shinkafa
Français: le riz
English: rice
Svenska: ris
External, not possible to cultivate in the Chikal region.
You eat the grains.

E2
Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br. Poaceæ
(=P. typhoides (Burm.f.)Stapf & C.E.Hubb., P. americanum (L.)Leeke )
Hausa: hatsi
Français: le mil
English: millet
Svenska: hirs
Cultivated in the fields by the men.
Sowing: June--July.
Cultivation: 90 days (new varieties 60 days). The first perion intense, first weeding after two weeks, the second after two or three more weeks.
Harvest: November.
You eat the grains.

E3
Sorghum spp. cult. Poaceæ
Hausa: dawa
Français: le sorgho
English: sorghum
Svenska: durra
Cultivated in the fields by the men.
Sowing: July (after the millet).
Cultivation: on heavy soils, weeding once or twice.
Harvest: after 3--4 months.
You eat the grains.

E4
Zea mays L. Poaceæ
Hausa: masara
Français: le maïs
English: maize (am.:corn)
Svenska: majs
Cultivated by the men, during the rainy season and as dry season farming.
Dry season farming:
Sowing: November--December, demands work.
Cutivation: heavy work load, intense watering, needs a lot of water.
Harvest: after 90 days.
Rainy season:
Sowing: July (as early as possible).
Harvest: after 90 days.
You eat the grains.

F. Others

F1
Acacia nilotica (L.)Del. Mimosaceæ
var. adansonii (Guill. & Perr.) O.Kuntze
Hausa: bagaruwa
Français:
English: (a kind of Arab gum)
Svenska: (ett slags Gummi Arabicum)
Yealds all year.
You eat the resin (jire). (Gives medicine.)

Content | Next

A1	baobab
A2	cabbage
A3	balami's vegetable bush
A4	Cassia obtusifolia L.
A5	Ceratotheca sesamoides Endl.
A6	Corchorus olitorius L.
A7	sour-sour, red sorrel
A8	lettuce
A9	spear leaved Leptadenia
A10	tagart bush
A11	Moringa oleifera Lam.
A12	Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight
A13	Tapinanthus globiferus (A.Rich.) Van Tiegh T. dodoneifolius (DC.) Danser

C1	wild custard apple
C2	desert date
C3	gegilli
C4	Diospyros mespiliformis A.DC.
C5	leleko's fruiting Grewia
C6	four-lobed Grewia / small leaved white crancberry
C7	doum palm
C8	Parkia clappertoniana Keay
C9	date
C10	alluba vegetable bush
C11	jujubier